Symbols and Religion in African Art essays

Symbols and Religion in African Art essays "African art is rooted in religion. This does not mean that Africans would be so presumptuous as to make images of the great creator-god. It is rather the case that they try to put the divine power, the eternal vital force which suffuses creation, into a form that befits it, thereby ensuring its favorable disposition and enlisting its aid and protection. African works of art masks, sculptures and other ritual implements are nothing less than media designed for supernatural power. They have to be fashioned with such beauty and precision, with such appropriateness, that they please the spirit and persuade it to take up its abode in them. This it does in special ceremonies, which the priest combines with sacrifices and invocations; at the climax of the ritual the presence of the divine spirit makes itself felt to the worshipper with the greatest immediacy and intensity." From the above passage by Leuzinger, we can tell that the art of Africa has played and still does play a very important role in the everyday lives of African peoples. The Museum of Fine arts recently had a collection of African art on display. All of the art that was on display had a very specific purpose, whether it is as complex as a death mask or as simple as a container for jewelry or hairpins. This art was also used for ancestor worship or in yam purifying ceremonies and even in circumcision initiations. All of the artwork was handcrafted, and the observer can tell that the artisan went to great lengths to ensure that his mask or his cup would please the gods that he was making it for. It is clear that the African artisans believe that their ancestors will live on in the art that they create. The mask is a very important part of African life. Used in countless ceremonies, it might be the most important piece of artwork that one can make. Generally, the mask bears the features of the ancestor figure, which might explain the pronounced facial features tha...

Why recruiters are not paying attention to what youre saying in interviews

Why recruiters are not paying attention to what youre saying in interviews I have a confession to make. Years ago, 34 to be exact, at the start of my professional career I was an employment representative for a local university. Today, the position title would more likely be Recruiter or Talent Acquisition Specialist. The job title may have evolved, and the technology employed is now far more advanced. But the fundamental responsibilities of the position remain unchanged even today. Find candidates. Screen candidates. Interview candidates. When I say interview candidates, I mean a lot of interviews. Six to 8 interviews a day. Five days a week. Two years. That is more than 3,000 interviews if my math is correct. Now the confession. Not every single one of those interviews was gripping, edge of your seat theatre! Some of the interviews were mind numbing boring. At least once a day, in an interview, I would ask a question and then immediately â€Å"zone out†. By zone out, I mean my brain went to another place and time. It would return a few minutes late r when the candidate had finished the answer to the question. I, of course, had no idea what they had said or what valuable information they may have shared about themselves and their value to our organization. You can relate if you have ever been driving a car and several minutes go by when you find yourself at the next stoplight with no idea how you got there.I would like to tell you that my problem was unique, a symptom of life in the 1980’s and that the probability of â€Å"recruiter zone out† in today’s day and age is non-existent. But I would be lying. It’s just human nature. We are not built with an infinite attention span. We need mental stimulation and active participation to stay mentally engaged in any activity. Specific to job search and interviews, research from Monster.com indicates that:The average interviewer’s attention span looks something like this:As you begin speaking, the interviewer is listening with nearly full attention.Aft er about 10 seconds, he begins listening with less intensity.After 60 seconds, his mind begins to wander and he’s devoting less than half his attention to you. After you’ve been speaking for 90 seconds without interruption, the interviewer is barely listening at all.So, if maximizing engagement and attention span with your interviewer is a critical element of a successful job search, what’s the secret to being interesting in an interview? The answer is conversation. More specifically, you need to turn your interview into an actual conversation. We define a conversation as: â€Å"the informal exchange of ideas by spoken words†. That definition might run counter to your view of an interview as a series of formal questions and answers. If you don’t learn how to master the art of the conversational interview, then you run the risk that your interviews will always be a series of formal, dry, zone out inducing questions and answers.In today’s worl d of electronic communication, email and text messaging, it is possible that we are a little out of practice when it comes to informal conversation. That is not an indictment of any specific age group. We all, regardless of age, now have our heads buried in our smartphones. The good news is that conversation is like muscle memory and riding a bike. You never forget how to maintain a conversation. It’s human nature. You just need a few tips and techniques to adapt conversation to a job interview. Here are a few essential tips.Above all else, be interested in and inquisitive about your interviewer, the company and the position. Interest is best fueled through preparation. Research your interviewer on LinkedIn to identify areas of common interest and career experiences about which you would like to explore in greater detail. Research the company beyond the standard tour of the company website. Read articles from industry trade publications, postings from industry-specific groups on LinkedIn and the standard Google topic search.Take the time, before the interview begins, to build some rapport with your interviewer. Small talk and informal questions as you are getting settled will both ease your nerves and put your positive personality on display. Your pre-interview research gives you the building blocks for the small talk. For example: â€Å"I saw in your LinkedIn profile that you are fluent in three languages. That is a fascinating skill. How did you become so proficient in each language?†Be a storyteller. Every question you are asked is an opportunity to tell an engaging story that highlights your personality and value proposition. Work to formulate your answers to most of the behavioral interview questions using the standard STAR technique. What was the Situation? What was the Task that you performed? What was the Action that you completed to resolve the situation? And what was the quantifiable Result of your action?Keep the conversation going. En d every one of your answers with a related question designed to amplify your research and your value proposition. For example, after answering a question about how you facilitated a successful team project, you might ask: â€Å"I see that you use an open concept office design here. How do you use the open office space to leverage greater team collaboration?†And finally, have big ears and laser sharp eyes. By that I mean listen, really listen to what your interviewer is saying in response to your questions. And maintain eye contact. Don’t fake it. Stay engaged, have fun and view the interview as an opportunity to learn. Your best will shine through in an engaged conversation.The art of conversation just takes a little practice. And it makes life more interesting.I love to watch penguins. They all look the same, sound the same and pretty much do the same things every time I see them. I just don’t want to be one in an interview.Dan Troup is the founder of the Advan tEdge Careers coaching service. If you are interested in learning more about how a certified career coach can assist you in your job search, please contact AdvantEdge Careers at: https://www.advantedgecareers.com/

Controversy over gay & lesbian couples raising children as opposed to Research Paper

Controversy over gay & lesbian couples raising children as opposed to straight couples - Research Paper Example Even in United States, some states do not allow same sex partners to adopt children. This is also the case in some of the European countries except for England, in which adoption by gay and lesbian couples have been legalized in order to provide parents to homeless children. Around the world, countries vary in the level of rights they provide to gay and lesbian couples in terms of adoption (Simon & Brooks 2009). There are two sides to this argument of whether same sex partners can be good parents or not. Some individuals believe that if gays and lesbians adopt children, they then will be preventing heterosexuals from adopting; however, many gays and lesbians adopt children from foster care or other countries as it is difficult to find families for these children (Adamec & pierce 2000). The analysis of how fine the kids grow with gay couples or straight couples is still incomplete and the conservatives think that these adoptions should not be legalized until it is proved that same sex parenting is completely safe. Other side of the argument says that the sexual orientation of the parents have no connection with the upbringing of the children. They say that the child’s social, emotional and behavioral patterns are not affected by this issue. Gay rights groups in many states fought for the right of gay adoption, which gradually began to change the climate on this issue (Kranz & Cusick 2 000). It is considered by liberals that both women and men have the same capability to be good parents. The children of same sex partners do not show different behavior if compared to children raised by straight parents. With the gradual change in the society, the concept of perfect straight couple marriage is gradually fading. There are other alternatives which are now acceptable as a perfect marriage model. Many countries are gradually accepting this fact

Evaluating Teachers Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Evaluating Teachers Assignment - Essay Example Bearing in mind that Miss Paulson had received adequate points in her previous evaluation despite having some difficulty in managing classes goes to point out some issues in the evaluation that have to be addressed within the shortest time possible to avid the recurrence of some incidents as the one she was involved in. The officers responsible for evaluation have shown clearly that they are too lenient during their evaluation sessions. Secondly, there has been a poor teacher supervision structure, which led me to find Miss Paulson attending to individual students leaving the rest of the class unattended, which was also not reported. In this case, the state requires that teachers should be evaluated annually although tenured teachers can even be evaluated once in three years or a twice in a decade, in Ms Paulson’s case, evaluation was done within the stipulated timeframe by the law. In this case, a formal investigation is not necessary as such, incident has never been reported in the school; however, some form of internal (within the school) investigation must take place. Steps to be taken in investigating the incident Wednesday morning constitute an investigating panel Wednesday afternoon the panel to identify the students and staff to be interviewed Thursday morning interviewing of the students Thursday afternoon interviewing of staff members Friday morning Investigating panel meets to draw conclusion and finalise on the investigations. Friday afternoon the principal receives the finding of the Investigations and hands them over to the superintendent. Monday morning official communication from the school is received by the parent of Jessica Robertson The students and staff to be interviewed will be selected depending on their probability of having some information relating to the incident. Among those to be interviewed will be Jessica Robertson since she is the complainant and will provide insight on the incident, which involve the pornographic picture s in class. In addition, the class monitor will be interviewed as he is in charge of the class when the teacher is not around. Those on the front row of the class will also have to be among those to be interviewed since they may have seen who interfered with Miss Paulson’s computer. Miss Paulson will also be interviewed to give her side of the story and what happened on the material day and time; any other staff member who was responsible in setting up of the projector will also have to be interviewed to get the clear picture of all that happened. The interviews will be oral to enable the panel read the body language and will be conducted with utmost confidentiality to ensure the respondents open up on the incident. The panel will have to undergo an oath of secrecy before the district attorney to ensure confidentiality of all the information. Miss Paulson will continue to teach other classes and will not be subjected to any discrimination until investigations are complete Sin ce the investigation will be done internally, any correspondence with the media and community will be done by the principal so as to avoid any form of miscommunication or misstatement. 2.) Evaluation of the conduct of professionals needs to be understood from the activities in which they engage themselves and the manner in which they carry themselves out in performing their duties. This means that any activity of a professional has to be

The origin of the third world plight Essay Example for Free

The origin of the third world plight Essay Thesis The Third world countries have continued to witness some of the most challenging times in their quest for real development that would catapult their economies to march those ones of the first worlds. However these countries have been bedeviled by major obstacles of bad governance, corruption, and exploitation by the first world countries. Of great concern has been the contribution of major world bodies that have continued to impoverish these economies in the name of supporting them. The World Bank stands out as one of the culprits. Introduction Many times is when some people do not understand what is meant by the term ‘third world plight’. This in terms means, they are those countries that still are developing. The third world countries are greatly in substantial indebt ness according to statistics. More than 50% of the people living in third world countries are living below the poverty line: this is below a dollar a day. It is reckoning, how this is happening, but the World Bank has attributed all this. In 1986 –1987, the World Bank’s president Barber Conable said that the World Bank had been a great success, yet it only oppresses the governments in the third world countries. In 1962, Robert McNamara who was the bank’s president led it to achieve higher loans levels and by the time he was resigning in 1981, the levels had increased from $883 million to over $12 billion. (James Bovard) McNamara and the World Bank supported Nyerere’s dictatorial regime and the bank gave more aid to Tanzania hence the cause of the current misery of the Tanzanian people. This kind of act by the World Bank was wanting, as it only devastated the third world countries. In late 1970’s, the World Bank also financed the Vietnamese’s government thus encouraging their brutal policies that brought about a lot of deaths of the boat people in the south sea. The bank was to finance an irrigation project that was risky, as it would be subjected to rebellion among the farmers. Farmers who resisted the project ended up being drowned in the sea. (James Bovard) The World Bank lent $600million to the Indonesian government to forcibly remove people from Java Island and resettle them in the barren islands. It was due to this transmigration, that violence erupted in Indonesia, leading to the deaths of thousands of people. Despite this fact, the bank termed this as the â€Å"largest voluntary migration.† This was clarion of the banks hypocrisy as it violated human’s rights. The bank provided capital to the Ethiopian Marxist regime of Mengistu Haile Mariam. (James Bovard)   In 1984 – 1985, Ethiopia was struck by famine and this forced the government to forcibly deport people in northern Ethiopia to the south. It is believed that more deaths occurred as would have been caused by the famine. The government introduced the villagilization program but many people still rebelled against it and were killed. Despite of all this happenings, the bank still continued to lend money, as it was not concerned with the citizens but seemed to provide more help to the bureaucrats and politicians. (James Bovard) The World bank is highly to blame on the poverty in the third world countries as it uses to pressure to this countries to lend more money than which is borrowed. The audit of Madagascar Morondava Irrigation and Rural Development Project is a good example, where by the new government was pressured by the bank to accept the project so as to be submitted to the executive directors. It is evident that the World Bank gave wrong advice to the third world countries and it’s clearly brought in Western Africa in the project of promoting cocoa and coffee. This simply failed because the bank had encouraged the farmers to grow cash crops in unsuitable soils. (Barbara G 18) The world bank in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s aim, was to lend money in order to boost food production in Africa and other developing countries but this did not happen as almost 20% of the food production had fallen because much of the bank’s investments went to big irrigation schemes and state farms thus wastage of money. It is due to the bank’s poor investments that dragged down the entire economies of the third world countries. (Peter T. Bauer 21) In 1980, the world began Structural Adjustment Loans programs that encouraged policy reforms. Most of these loans were mainly going to the governments of the third world countries in repaying their debts to the bank or the international momentary fund. In 1984, a statement from a world bank’s official was bizarre, as he said, â€Å"if china is to maintain a reasonable growth rate and manageable debt service payments, it will need to obtain the necessary additional foreigner capital at an average interest rate below the market rate.† This implied that even investments in the third world countries would not be greater than the banks interest hence putting third world countries into deeper poverty’(Peter T. Bauer 23)    Problems faced by the third world countries Malnutrition- a good example is in Kenya whereby a bank report found severe malnutrition widespread among the beneficiaries. Barbara Gunnell concluded ‘the real loser is the Kenyan government, or future generations of Kenyans who will go on paying the World Bank interest on the loan.’ This was due to the fact that the bank had invested $20 million in Bura irrigation but when the then president Daniel Moi toured Bura he found ‘eroded irrigation canals, abandoned plots, poor crops, tumbledown and unsanitary housing, zebra grazing on irrigated land and on air of decay’(Peter T. Bauer 23) Diseases -a lot of diseases have become wide spread in these third world countries and they include; The AIDS pandemic, malaria, cholera among others. Poor infrastructure- poor insfrastructure has become a major threat to these countries as many accidents occur though roads that are constructed well but the cost of maintenance is quite high hence they become dilapidated. (Peter T. Bauer 24) Desertification- an example is in Botswana whereby two livestock projects that were to promote cattle rising resulted to overgrazing. The bank further introduced a third livestock project despite the fact that it led to overgrazing. (Peter T. Bauer 26) Displacement- the bank is spending about half a billion dollars in the largest westwards-flowing river in India to dam it. This was proved that it would end up displacing thousands of people and destroying a lot of land but the World Bank went ahead with its plan. Insecurity- the third world countries have been faced with high rate of insecurity as foreign direct investments have been directed to other regions hence of no benefits to these countries as high crime rates still continues. (Peter T. Bauer 33) Poverty – many people in the third world countries are living below the poverty line due to the indebt ness that they have to their donors, international momentary fund and the World Bank. (Peter T. Bauer 34) Conclusion It is evident that though the World Bank has helped these countries, it is majorly to blame for dragging their economies. For all countries in the world to be at par, it only would be best to cancel of, the debt of the so-called third world countries. The bank ought to encourage reductions in lending capital to enable these countries economies to grow. It could also not lend capital that will be of bad use, as this only benefits politicians of these countries and continues to deteriorate their economies. Works Cited Barbara Gunnell, The Great Bura Irrigation Scheme Disaster, African Business (April  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1986): 18. James Bovard: The World Bank vs. the World Poor: Policy Analysis: Retrieved on 13th May 2008 from http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa092.html Peter T. Bauer: Equality. The Third World. And Economic Delusion: Cambridge, Harvard  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University Press, 1981 p. 21.

Biochemistry Research Paper -- Health, Diseases, Viruses, Bacteria

Toll-like receptors are proteins that play a significant role in the recognition of pathogens such as viruses and bacteria, thereby initiating an innate response. The TLR family recognizes structurally conserve molecules known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) derive from these viruses and bacteria. TLR7 have been shown to mediate the recognition of single stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses, whereas TLR9 recognizes non-methylated CpG sequences in bacterial DNA molecules. However, the molecular mechanism by which non-methylated CpG DNA and ssRNA viruses activate the innate immunity is not well understood. In this paper, it is demonstrated that the cell response to vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV) and bacteria DNA is mediated by TLR7 and TLR9. Through the generation of TLR7 and TLR9-deficient mice, it was determined that TLR7 are required for responsiveness to both vesicular stomatitis viruses and TLR9 recognizes bacteria DNA. Both TLR7 and TLR9 deficient mice did not show any response to single stranded RNA viruses and non-methylated CpG bacteria DNA including inflammatory cytokine production from macrophages and dendritic cells. However, the in vivo ability of vesicular stomatitis viruses and CpG bacteria DNA to stimulate IL-12 secretion depended on the functional activation of MyD88 and IRAK. These results present evidence for the requirement of TLR7 for single stranded RNA viruses and TLR9 for non-methylated CpG bacteria DNA to induced cellular effects. Conversely, further results provide evidence that support the role for TLR7 and TLR9 to trigger vesicular stomatitis viruses and CpG bacteria DNA mediated signaling transduction resulting in the induction of the interferon response [266]. Introduction: The inna... ... bone marrow of WT, TLR7,TLR9, or MyD88 deficient mice and infected with VSV for 18hrs. IFN and IL-12 level were determined from culture supernatant by ELISA Lund, J.M.et al Conclusion: In justification with the previous study on TLR9 recognition of CpG DNA and initiating an innate immune system, Lund, J.M. et al have demonstrated that, together, TLR7 and TLR9 likely form a functional subgroup within the TLR family that recognize pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPS) in endosomal compartment. It is now clear TLR7 and TLR9 play a significant role in the recognition of vesicular stomatitis virus and CpG bacteria DNA, thereby activating the innate immune system. The experiments with TLR7 and TLR9 deficient mice have shown the essential role in the recognition of ssRNA by TLR7 and non-methylated CpG bacteria DNA by TLR9 respectively.

IBO Assignment Essay

Background The Case study is an email conversation between two colleagues Jane Epstein & Rick Lazarus. Jane has joined Technico recently and Rick was her colleague and trusted friend from the last company. Jane is discussing with Rick about the new current company and the staff she got there. She individually described the personalities of her staff like Caroline as universally trusted (according to her), Tom as a joker and a natural sales guy, Jack as intellectual and intense, and the most problematic figure for her as well as the organization – Andy Zimmerman. He is a person who is intellectually very smart but is very impatient, his intimidating tone is worrying. There were many instances like Jane’s AA, Maureen had made a scheduling error and Andy blasted over her even though Jane, his boss was standing there Jane had an opinion that this reaction was not supposed to happen and could have been dealt with tactfully. Rick on the other hand was of the opinion that Jane was over r eacting and that she had to establish her own authority with him, or Andy would step all over her. Then Jane described about the organization and the staff and also that the senior managers talk about the lack of hierarchy in the organization. Jane thinks she should not comment about the  organization as she had recently joined it. Then she also gave another instance where in a discussion with all the members, Jack was addressing an important concept and then Andy interrupted in between and he expressed all the issues, flaws, and that what Jack was trying to propose made no sense. Jane also later heard Andy reaming all the other AA members. The main personality traits Jane described about him were that Andy was smart, intelligent & efficient but doesn’t has any peculiar positive group traits that would win him any personality contests. He also was nasty to his other AA colleagues. When this came to Caroline, he also blasted over her despite her being the person who made him calm whenever he lost his cool with the others in the staff. Andy expressed his anger by mailing Ca roline about her incompetency in her work and the goof ups she made in a very harsh tone. This mail was shared with Jane and Caroline expressed her grief. Jane could see that Caroline was fed up with her smoothing over role. Sometimes Jane felt that she was playing the role of a kindergarten teacher and not a co-operate manager managing such highly paid people. Now Jane thought of finally confronting Andy and telling him that his behaviour is intimidating the staff in a negative way, his behaviour if continued for some more time would result in the decrease in the productivity of the firm. But in the one-on one meeting she came to know that Andy has got great insights, energy and was smart enough to justify his behaviour. Jane experienced that he behaved as if he was down to earth, but was opposite in the presence of a group. She advised him to overcome his impatience and to slow down and be a little considerate with the staff. Even after being so clear with Andy she noticed that he repeated the same old behaviour in the next group meeting. She now realized that he has no plans of changing at all. Now she is in a dilemma as how to tackle the bullying behaviour and maintain the productivity of the staff. So in this case we have to find the problems and issues of Andy’s behaviour and find the plausible solution for those problems. Analysis: Main Issues: Increasing job dissatisfaction in the team Team work getting affected Professionals carrying their personal issues at workplace Difference in performance among team members Incompatibility in attitude, creating the base for all problems Explanation: Productivity and efficiency are getting affected due to Andy’s attitude problem, and his way of handling things. As Andy continuously bullies employs they get demoralised and were unable to give their 100% to their work because of his fear and negative critics. Caroline despite of being a good worker, needs to be more professional. She needs to differentiate between her professional and personal life, and must prioritize her personal issues so that that they don’t affect her work and professional commitments (work –life balance). Work culture is being affected I a negative way, due to Andy s discouraging attitude, whenever somebody doesn’t performs, he is pissed off, One needs to work as a team –work attitude, bullying and dominating are restraints to growth and team –work. Team morale is going down. As the only feedback the get from Andy is negative Andy is not praising any of the efforts the team is putting in but is sure to highlight the glitches that are coming across the project because of them. The staff members do not know the importance of working in a diverse team and adjust within the team. Plausible solutions: 1 Have a second briefing with Andy and ask him to mellow down a little bit with the staff. Try to talk him out that the staff will cooperate more with him, only if he is a little adjusting and open with them and doesn’t humiliate them in front of others. People go through grey patch and as their senior, he should consider the emotional stance of his staff and try to make them comfortable, so that the staff may also think of trying to give their best even in adverse situations. 2 Have a discussion with the rest of the staff and try to make them understand that Andy is doing this for the betterment of the organization, and in the interest of the team, he wants to bring out the best of them. 3 Send him for personal counselling to tackle his attitude issues with his staff and juniors. 4 Try and change his role if his domain knowledge is applicable in any other role. 5 Also Caroline should also be sent for a personal counselling, as she is going through testing times in her life an d currently she needs as much support as she can get from her team mates for the time being so as to cope up. This support  will motivate her further to overcome and bounce back. 6 He can be sent for a month or two on a leave or for training for boosting his team work skills. 7 Write a memo that his behaviour is unacceptable, distracts from work and I want to stop. In case, if it happens again then write another memo stating the same problem and hand it over to her boss or her HR manager. 8 She should plan sessions for team dynamics preferably away from the work environment to cultivate a bond of understanding and openness between the team members hence increasing their trust amongst each other. By knowing each other well, it is possible that they would come forward and help each other in adverse conditions. Best possible solution would be to send Andy Zimmerman for a Management Development Program (MDP) so as to tackle his attitude towards his team mates and be an effective manager. Also Caroline should be advised to go through a personal counselling session where she can learn to cope up with her personal issues. Managerial Learnings: Manager should try to create a positive environment within workplace. Manager should try to avoid criticizing anyone in public. Manager should not blame a team member for small faults; instead he or she should try to talk to him regarding the same in private, so that they can improvise their performance. Manger should try not to be a ‘critic’ for his staff, but should appreciate their inputs and hard work. This would not only increase the motivation of his or her employees, but will consequently lead to greater commitment to the organisation. Manager should try to analyse the training required

Ethics

Ethics 101 1. 1 background and development of theoretical ethical approaches Deontological Theory The deontological theory state that the consequences or outcomes of actions are not important, what actually matter is that the actions are morally Justified. For example drunken driving is wrong, now if a person argues that he safely navigated his way back home and for that reason he/she should not be held accountable by law, they are wrong because their action was wrong in the first place and was breaking the basic principle for morally correct behaviour that a person should not drive while being drunk.The contribution of Immanuel Kant towards development of Deontological theory Immanuel Kant proposes that in taking a decision â€Å"Duty' carries the foremost importance. Kant is of the view that a person's actions will only be regarded as morally and ethically correct when they are taken keeping in mind the sense of duty and responsibility in mind. Teleological Ethical Theory The tele ological ethical theory put the primary focus on the â€Å"Consequences† i. e. â€Å"What are those actions that produce the best possible results†?Along with attaching importance to the consequences the teleological theory also suggests that the ecisions framework that is developed for achieving the desired consequences should also be managed with care. Consequentialist Theory According to the â€Å"Consequentiality Theory', the basis for determining how moral a person's actions are the consequences. The consequences of actions can be good or bad, and they can be damaging or favourable. The contribution of Jeremy Bentham towards development of a person's actions can be a classified as good or bad depending on what consequences the action has produced.According to Bentham's opinion the good things are classified as â€Å"pleasure† and the bad ones as pain†. (http://www. studymode. com/) 1. 2 Absolute ethics has only two sides: Something is good or bad, bl ack or white. Some examples in police ethics would be unethical behaviours such as bribery, extortion, excessive force, and perjury, which nearly everyone would agree are unacceptable behaviours by the police. Relative ethics is more complicated and can nave a multitude ot sides witn varying shades ot gray . What is considered ethical behaviour by one person may be deemed highly unethical by someone else.The Absolutist theory is the theory that certain things are right or wrong from an bjective point of view and cannot change according to culture. Certain actions are intrinsically right or wrong, which means they are right or wrong in themselves. This is also known as deontological. The relativist theory is the theory that there are no universally valid moral principles. All principles and values are relative toa particular culture or age. Ethical relativism means that there is no such thing as good â€Å"in itself†, but if and action seems good to you and bad to me, that is it, and there is no objective basis for us to discover the truth.This theory is also known as teleological. An example of an absolutist ethical system would be if a single mother with a very young child had no money and therefore no food to feed the child, and she stole some food from the shop and the mother was caught and had a trial, an absolutist would argue that its morally wrong to steal and should suffer the consequences of the crime. They don't take into account the situation the person might be in and use an absolute law. However, this is in contrast to the alternative ethical system, called â€Å"relativist†, because this system is really the complete opposite.Again I'll use the same example s I did for absolutist. If a relativist was looking at this they would take into consideration the situation the woman might be in and empathize with her and try to find an outcome that is the most fair. One reason to support the absolutist approach as the only defensible approac h is that it provides Justification for acting which means that morality seems to demand some sort of obligation. If there's a fixed moral code then there is no obligation to act in a way. Another strength is that it gives clear guidelines, which basically means the rules are fixed and clear to apply. () 1. 3 Ethics refers to a prescribed or accepted code of conduct. Ethical issues are a set of moral values that need to be addressed while carrying out business. Businesses operate in a society that is structured around moral values. Therefore, when conducting its operations, a business has certain responsibilities which are to provide the society with quality goods and services that will improve the people's living standards. In order to survive, a business needs to maintain its customers. Product packaging is one way of ensuring a business maintains its existing customers and also acquire ew customers.Some companies are known to allow underweight packaging of products which are then highly priced and this is a rude way of increasing profits. However this negative trend will affect the business in the long run as customers will eventually come to learn that they are being swindled. In an attempt to boost sales, some businessmen adapt promotional method mislead customers as the message conveyed may not give the exact details of the product. Businesses should desist from increasing prices without valid reasons. In doing so, they will be taking advantage of the customer and this is unethical.Businessmen should also desist from taking part in corrupt practices such as selling low standard goods while bribing government officials in order to continue operating. Entrepreneurs should consider the effects of their activities on the society they serve. In the long run, wrong dealings and corruption will tarnish the image of the business and have a negative effect on sales. Business people ought to comply with the law requirements and observe laid down principles of mora lity in their dealings. They should seriously consider expectations of the community they serve. (    Ethics Table of Contents Therapeutic Patient Relationships Overview Since the sass, ethics has been incorporated into virtually every aspect of the health care system. Because of such a small time window, the study of ethics in a medical perspective continues to change and improve for the benefit of the patient. Studies of doctor-patient relationships Indicate the need of greater ethical study and intervention.Studies show that although many physicians are aware that a romantic r sexual relationship Is unethical, as many as nine percent believe that the ethics depends on the situation (Reese, 2012). Often, an abuse in the doctor-patient relationship does not occur because of a lack in educational skills. Rather, abuse in the doctor/patient is attributed to flaws, or loopholes, in the rules of ethics and law (Subplots et al, 2010). Continued research of the most recent ethical framework can begin lowering any chance of unprofessional.In order to have a successful patient relationship, a phys ician must understand and respect the barriers in place. This session will take a look at ethics. Participants will assess their own ethical principles and apply the concepts they've learned to problems in ethical communication and/or conduct in the workplace. Behavioral Objectives Intended to inform the physician on the definition of ethics Clarify the nature of the ethical responsibilities held in common by current and prospective physicians. Identifies ethical considerations relevant to physicians Recognize different situations containing unethical conduct.Gain the knowledge on how to respond to in situations that require ethical decision-making. Apply the incept of good ethical behavior in their current practice. Outline of Training Session I. Introduction:What is ethics? Ethics refers to a framework of discipline from a branch of philosophy, in which ideas of right and wrong, virtue and vice, and good and evil, are all examined systematically (salvoes & Meyer, 1990). II. Compon ents of Ethics Participants will know basic history, definition, and examples of ethics. A.Ethical Framework – before we can manage ethical dilemmas in the health care setting, we must understand examples of ethical principle, as well as our own, to avoid any conflict of interest. . Self-Assessment Culture Values Beliefs Ideas 2. Continuous Regulation Self-control Trustworthiness Professionalism Education Intervention B. Understand the Significance of Ethics 1. Factors That Improve Ethical Conduct a. Public view c. School curriculum d. Government regulations 2. Factors That Require Ethical Behavior a. Provide company guideline for ethical behavior b.Teach the company's guidelines importance c. Describe punishments for unethical conduct C. Review Examples of Unethical/Ethical Conduct IV. Class Activity – Ethics Assessment V. Effectively practice effective ethical communication A. Understand the needs of the recipient D. Ensuring the message considers the common good E. Continue to interpret for conflicts of interest F. Consider the consequences of each message 1. Is this message mutually valuable? 2. Is this message violating confidentiality of another person? Is this message questionable to your professionalism? . VI. Class Discussion VII Summary of Training Session VIII Conclusion Literature Review: Where the Patient Relationship Ends Dry A, a 49 year-old gynecologist, was treating a 36 year-old female patient, Ms B, for chronic vaginal yeast infections. He described her as being seductive during the husband. Dry A found himself feeling very sympathetic towards her and began scheduling longer patient appointments so he could provide some therapy for her as well as assessing and treating the vaginal complaints for which she ostensibly saw him.He would hold her hand while she talked about her difficult situation at home. This decent down the ‘slippery slope' progressed into hugging, and then kissing at the end of the session. He recognized t hat he was feeling lonely and not having regular sexual relations with his wife. Dry A even noted that his wife was inorganic as though her condition was in some way an excuse to progress to a sexual relation with the patient) (Gabbed & Hobby, 2012). The first time that Dry A and Ms B had sexual relations was after hours in his office.This sexual encounter consisted of mutual oral sex. The meetings were set up during appointments in the office, usually at the end of the day. He finally ended these contacts when he felt the encounters were no longer gratifying to him. In addition, he was worried about being caught and that others would not understand his reasons for departing from the usual procedures (Gabbed & Hobby, 2012). Following the filing of a complaint by the patient, Dry A was sent for evaluation.When asked directly he thought he had harmed the patient, Dry A responded that he felt he had actually helped her by his sexual involvement with her (Gabbed & Hobby, 2012). Introduc tion This physician, Dry A, failed to recognize the unethical conduct he was committing in the obvious power differential with the patient, Ms B. Dry A failed to recognize that a patient is paying for his expertise for the treatment of a disease or ailment, and not a relationship of conscious feelings.If Dry A had greater understanding regarding the ethical principle of the doctor/patient relationship, Dry A may have been able to make a more rational decision so this situation never occurred; likewise, if Ms B had more understanding of the ethical principle prior to her first appointment, Ms B may have had the knowledge to evade Dry Ass advances. In summary, the doctor and the patient should be educated on ethical conduct before the doctor-patient relationship is formed to avoid situations, like the example.Studies show that although many physicians are aware that a romantic or sexual relationship is unethical, as many as nine percent believe that the ethics depends on he situation (Reese, 2012). The American Medical Association (AMA) states that prior doctor/patient relationships can influence the patient's treatment and that such a relationship is unethical if the doctor â€Å"uses or exploits trust, knowledge, emotions or influence derived from the previous professional relationship† (American Code of Medical Ethics, 2012).The Mama's use of â€Å"prior relationship† leaves wiggle room for the â€Å"it's complicated† answer, which over one third of the physicians had answered to the question, â€Å"Is it acceptable to become involved romantic or sexual relationship with a patient? In Medicare's 2012 ethics survey (Reese, 2012). Could it be that the and Ms B are aware of the rules but chose in proceeding to break the barriers of the doctor/patient relationship because â€Å"it's complicated? † The â€Å"it's complicated† answer may originate from feelings from the physician to do anything possible to treat the patient.One s tudy on therapists, explains that the therapists would get sexually involved relationships with suicidal borderline patients in order to save the patient from suicide (Gabbed & Hobby, 2012). This ration is flawed, however, because the physician, like Dry A, should have continued to worked to attain the nature of the intended relationship as clearly therapeutic with any potential unexpected circumstances, which is the idea behind the entire therapeutic process (Crower, Belly & Subplots, 2010).A professional needs to self-regulate their internal drives and thoughts in the absence of clear standards or unexpected circumstances, such as that of a suicidal patient whom is not responding to evidence- based treatment (Crower, Belly & Subplots, 2010). This is critical because usually a patient will give up his or her own autonomy to respect the decision of a paternalistic physician (Shari, Samara, Arachnids, 2013).Not to say this approach to a doctor/ patient is unethical, but it can leave room for unethical conduct if the physician cannot control his or her internal drives or thoughts. Patients, like Miss B, need doctors that are competent in all areas of their profession. The study of ethics in undergraduate courses and medical school curriculum is still improving; consequently, it should continuously be assessed in terms of content, educational methods, and change in behavior, and be revised accordingly (Shari, Samara, Arachnids, 2013).Within only the past 20 years or so, medical schools have gun incorporating ethics as its own respective subject (Houghton, Sparks & Chadwick, 2010). The introduction of ethics in to medical undergraduate curriculum has met resistance, however, because it is evolving constantly and some believe ethical topics are redundant or impossible to be taught (Houghton, Sparks & Chadwick, 2010).Once a few generations of physicians are educated, they can begin teaching newer generations from first hand experience to ensure they are fully compet ent, rather than trainers teaching the instructors (Shari, Samara, Arachnids, 2013). Ethics, according to James S. Recourse (2003), â€Å"refers to a field of inquiry, or discipline, in which matters of right and wrong, good and evil, virtue and vice, are systemically examined (p. 49).Professional ethics is described by Craven & Hiring (2009) as involving â€Å"principles and values universal application and standards of conduct to be upheld in all situations (p. 76). The traditional principles that provided the moral grounding for the protection on human subjects in the United States began forming in the sass (Faded, Sass, ethical concern has been to protect patients from injury, risk, abuse, and unjust orders of medical research (Faded, Sass, Goodman, Provosts, Tunis & Bà ©chamel, 2013).There has been an importance in our society of forming a Just health care system, which is guided by principles of healthcare ethics that include benefice, non- maleficent, respect for autonomy, and Justice (Craven & Hiring, 2008). Physicians, nurses, and other members of the health care team have been developing codes of ethics in order to sustain a Just health care system.Faded, Sass, Goodman, Provosts, Tunis & Bà ©chamel (2013) propose a framework that consists of seven ethical obligations, they include: ) to respect the rights and dignity of patients; 2) to respect the clinical Judgment of clinicians; 3) to provide optimal care to each patient; 4) to avoid imposing monomaniacal risks and burdens on patients; 5) to reduce health inequalities among populations; 6) to conduct responsible activities that foster learning from clinical care and clinical information; and 7) to contribute to the common purpose of improving and quality and value of clinical care and health systems (p. ). Most frameworks regarding medical ethics loosely follow these seven steps. Frameworks in ethics provide a systematic way to decide what's right from wrong in a rarity of assigned priorities th at are goal emphasized (Craven & Hiring, 2008). All members of the health care team have a framework, and they can find it resembles this model. Several issues of unethical conduct in the health care setting can arise if ethical principle is ignored.The following are a few debated matters of medical ethical principle that occurs in the health care setting: physician-assisted suicide (Glover, 2010), clinical trials (Barton & Ugly, 2009), bribes/gifts from patients (Sash & Fug- Barman, 2013), patient abuse, sexual comments/actions toward patient (Crower, Belly & Subplots, 2010), confidentiality (Craven & Hiring), and financial interests (Reed, Mueller, & Brenna, 2013). While some subjects such as euthanasia (physician- assisted suicide) may have different labels of good or bad from different people, other subjects such as sexual patient abuse is generally discovered by most of society.While ethical principle of that society on certain principles might change at the about the same rate medical technology changes, it is still important for any health care worker to keep these principles in mind. Since the implementation of medical ethics is relatively new, changes are rapidly occurring in medical education curriculum as well as the workforce. Evidence shows, the effects of the teaching of medical ethics causes greater ethical sensitivity in the clinical setting (Crower, Belly & Subplots, 2010). However, there are still many cases in which medical ethics education does not have an impact.As the progression of ethics continues in the health care setting, evaluation of medical ethics teaching is vital. Research by Shari, Samara, and Arachnids (2013) finds that matching education is successful, and not a waste of human or financial resources. The Institute of Medical Ethics recommends a pyramid of increasing levels of education, they include: knowledge, habituation, and action (Crower, Belly & Subplots, 2010). The idea is to have medical students think critically abou t historical precedents and future situations involving ethical dilemmas, then put into practice the best consideration.The most important thing teaching ethics gives to medical students is awareness (Crower, Belly & Subplots). With practicing physicians, it is important to continue education on professionalism because doing so shows its significance as a competency (Reed, Mueller, & Brenna, 2013). As introductory and continuing teaching methods are evaluated and improved, future medical students can become more ethically sensitive in their communication and actions. References AMA Code of Medical Ethics. Opinion 8. 14 sexual misconduct in the practice of medicine. Http://www. AMA-assn. Org/AMA/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/ code-medical-ethics/opinion. Page Accessed November 3, 2012. Shari, F. , Samara A. & Arachnids, A. (2013). Medical ethics course for undergraduate medical students: A needs assessment study. Journal Of Medical Ethics & History Of Medicine, 6(1) Barton, E. , & Ugly, S. 2009) Ethical or unethical persuasion? The rhetoric of offers to participate in clinical trials. Written Communication, 26(3), 295-310 Craven, R. F. & Hiring C. J. (2008). Fundamentals of nursing: Human health and function, 6th. Liposuction Williams & Wilkins Inc.Philadelphia, PA. 76-77. Crower, M. , Belly, S. , & Subplots F. (2010) Abuse of the doctor-patient relationship. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists. Faded, R. , Sass, N. , Goodman, S. , Provosts, P. , Tunis, S. , & Beach, T. (2013). An ethics framework for a learning health care system: A departure from traditional research ethics and clinical ethics. The Hastings Center Report, Spec Noses-ASS Gabbed, G. 0. , & Hobby, G. S. (2012). A psychoanalytic perspective on ethics, self- deception and the corrupt physician. British Journal Of Psychotherapy, 28(2), 235-248. Glover, P.C. (2010) Physician-assisted suicide is unethical. Greengages Press. Recourse, J. S. (2003). Communication ethics. Management Communic ation: A Case- Analysis Approach. 2nd. New Jersey: Pearson Education. Professionalism challenges and opportunities. Minnesota Medicine, 96(1 1), 44-47 Reese, S. (2012). When is it okay to date a patient? Netscape ethics report 2012. Netscape, http://www. Educate. Com/vertically/774295. Sash, S. & Fug-Barman, A (2013 Physicians under the influence: Social psychology and industry marketing strategies. Journal Of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 41 (3), 665-672.Attachment: Principles of Medical Ethics Revised and adopted by the AMA House of Delegates (June 17, 2001) l. A physician shall be dedicated to providing competent medical care, with compassion and respect for human dignity and rights. II. A physician shall uphold the standards of professionalism, be honest in all professional interactions, and strive to report physicians deficient in character or impotence, or engaging in fraud or deception, to appropriate entities. Ill. A physician shall respect the law and also recognize a responsibil ity to seek changes in those requirements, which are contrary to the best interests of the patient. ‘ IV.A physician shall respect the rights of patients, colleagues, and other health professionals, and shall safeguard within the constraints of the law. V. A physician shall continue to study, apply, and advance scientific knowledge; maintain a commitment to medical education; make relevant information available to tenets, colleagues, and the public; obtain consultation; and use the talents of other health professionals when indicated. VI. A physician shall, in the provision of appropriate patient care, except in emergencies, be free to choose whom to serve, with whom to associate, and the environment in which to provide medical care VI'.A physician shall recognize a responsibility to participate in activities contributing to the improvement of the community and the betterment of public health. As paramount. ‘X. A physician shall support access to medical care for all peo ple. Source: Code of Medical Ethics: In-Hand Activity: Ethics Self-Assessment The American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE) made this survey so you can identify areas of ethical practice in which you are weak or strong. For each question, identify one of the five answers that is best suited to you.The ACHE does not believe in a numbered final score, because it is not a tool for evaluating ethical behavior of others. The number that corresponds with each response simply helps you uncover any areas of concern that may require the need for enhancement in some of your current ethical practice. Almost Never Occasionally Usually 4 5 Always Not Applicable 2 I. Leadership 3 I take courageous, consistent and appropriate management actions to overcome barriers to achieving my organization's mission. I place community/patient benefit over my personal gain.I strive to be a role model for ethical behavior. I work to ensure that decisions about access to care are based primarily on medical necessity, not only on the ability to pay. My statements and actions are consistent with professional ethical standards, including the ACHE Code of Ethics. Circumstances would allow me to confuse the issues I advocate ethical decision making by the board, management team and medical staff. I use an ethical approach to conflict resolution. I initiate and encourage discussion of the ethical aspects of management/financial issues.I initiate and promote discussion of controversial issues affecting community/patient health (e. G. , domestic and community violence and decisions near the end of life). I promptly and candidly explain to internal and external stakeholders negative economic trends and encourage appropriate action. I use my authority solely to fulfill my responsibilities and not for self-interest or to further the interests of family, friends or associates. When an ethical conflict confronts my organization r me, I am successful in finding an effective resolution process and ensure it is followed.I demonstrate respect for my colleagues, superiors and staff. I demonstrate my organization's vision, mission and value statements in my actions. I make timely decisions rather than delaying them to avoid difficult or politically risky choices. I seek the advice of the ethics committee when making ethically challenging decisions. My personal expense reports are accurate and are only billed to a single organization. I openly support establishing and monitoring internal mechanisms (e. G. , an ethics committee or program) to Ethics Ethics 101 1. 1 background and development of theoretical ethical approaches Deontological Theory The deontological theory state that the consequences or outcomes of actions are not important, what actually matter is that the actions are morally Justified. For example drunken driving is wrong, now if a person argues that he safely navigated his way back home and for that reason he/she should not be held accountable by law, they are wrong because their action was wrong in the first place and was breaking the basic principle for morally correct behaviour that a person should not drive while being drunk.The contribution of Immanuel Kant towards development of Deontological theory Immanuel Kant proposes that in taking a decision â€Å"Duty' carries the foremost importance. Kant is of the view that a person's actions will only be regarded as morally and ethically correct when they are taken keeping in mind the sense of duty and responsibility in mind. Teleological Ethical Theory The tele ological ethical theory put the primary focus on the â€Å"Consequences† i. e. â€Å"What are those actions that produce the best possible results†?Along with attaching importance to the consequences the teleological theory also suggests that the ecisions framework that is developed for achieving the desired consequences should also be managed with care. Consequentialist Theory According to the â€Å"Consequentiality Theory', the basis for determining how moral a person's actions are the consequences. The consequences of actions can be good or bad, and they can be damaging or favourable. The contribution of Jeremy Bentham towards development of a person's actions can be a classified as good or bad depending on what consequences the action has produced.According to Bentham's opinion the good things are classified as â€Å"pleasure† and the bad ones as pain†. (http://www. studymode. com/) 1. 2 Absolute ethics has only two sides: Something is good or bad, bl ack or white. Some examples in police ethics would be unethical behaviours such as bribery, extortion, excessive force, and perjury, which nearly everyone would agree are unacceptable behaviours by the police. Relative ethics is more complicated and can nave a multitude ot sides witn varying shades ot gray . What is considered ethical behaviour by one person may be deemed highly unethical by someone else.The Absolutist theory is the theory that certain things are right or wrong from an bjective point of view and cannot change according to culture. Certain actions are intrinsically right or wrong, which means they are right or wrong in themselves. This is also known as deontological. The relativist theory is the theory that there are no universally valid moral principles. All principles and values are relative toa particular culture or age. Ethical relativism means that there is no such thing as good â€Å"in itself†, but if and action seems good to you and bad to me, that is it, and there is no objective basis for us to discover the truth.This theory is also known as teleological. An example of an absolutist ethical system would be if a single mother with a very young child had no money and therefore no food to feed the child, and she stole some food from the shop and the mother was caught and had a trial, an absolutist would argue that its morally wrong to steal and should suffer the consequences of the crime. They don't take into account the situation the person might be in and use an absolute law. However, this is in contrast to the alternative ethical system, called â€Å"relativist†, because this system is really the complete opposite.Again I'll use the same example s I did for absolutist. If a relativist was looking at this they would take into consideration the situation the woman might be in and empathize with her and try to find an outcome that is the most fair. One reason to support the absolutist approach as the only defensible approac h is that it provides Justification for acting which means that morality seems to demand some sort of obligation. If there's a fixed moral code then there is no obligation to act in a way. Another strength is that it gives clear guidelines, which basically means the rules are fixed and clear to apply. () 1. 3 Ethics refers to a prescribed or accepted code of conduct. Ethical issues are a set of moral values that need to be addressed while carrying out business. Businesses operate in a society that is structured around moral values. Therefore, when conducting its operations, a business has certain responsibilities which are to provide the society with quality goods and services that will improve the people's living standards. In order to survive, a business needs to maintain its customers. Product packaging is one way of ensuring a business maintains its existing customers and also acquire ew customers.Some companies are known to allow underweight packaging of products which are then highly priced and this is a rude way of increasing profits. However this negative trend will affect the business in the long run as customers will eventually come to learn that they are being swindled. In an attempt to boost sales, some businessmen adapt promotional method mislead customers as the message conveyed may not give the exact details of the product. Businesses should desist from increasing prices without valid reasons. In doing so, they will be taking advantage of the customer and this is unethical.Businessmen should also desist from taking part in corrupt practices such as selling low standard goods while bribing government officials in order to continue operating. Entrepreneurs should consider the effects of their activities on the society they serve. In the long run, wrong dealings and corruption will tarnish the image of the business and have a negative effect on sales. Business people ought to comply with the law requirements and observe laid down principles of mora lity in their dealings. They should seriously consider expectations of the community they serve. (    Ethics Table of Contents Therapeutic Patient Relationships Overview Since the sass, ethics has been incorporated into virtually every aspect of the health care system. Because of such a small time window, the study of ethics in a medical perspective continues to change and improve for the benefit of the patient. Studies of doctor-patient relationships Indicate the need of greater ethical study and intervention.Studies show that although many physicians are aware that a romantic r sexual relationship Is unethical, as many as nine percent believe that the ethics depends on the situation (Reese, 2012). Often, an abuse in the doctor-patient relationship does not occur because of a lack in educational skills. Rather, abuse in the doctor/patient is attributed to flaws, or loopholes, in the rules of ethics and law (Subplots et al, 2010). Continued research of the most recent ethical framework can begin lowering any chance of unprofessional.In order to have a successful patient relationship, a phys ician must understand and respect the barriers in place. This session will take a look at ethics. Participants will assess their own ethical principles and apply the concepts they've learned to problems in ethical communication and/or conduct in the workplace. Behavioral Objectives Intended to inform the physician on the definition of ethics Clarify the nature of the ethical responsibilities held in common by current and prospective physicians. Identifies ethical considerations relevant to physicians Recognize different situations containing unethical conduct.Gain the knowledge on how to respond to in situations that require ethical decision-making. Apply the incept of good ethical behavior in their current practice. Outline of Training Session I. Introduction:What is ethics? Ethics refers to a framework of discipline from a branch of philosophy, in which ideas of right and wrong, virtue and vice, and good and evil, are all examined systematically (salvoes & Meyer, 1990). II. Compon ents of Ethics Participants will know basic history, definition, and examples of ethics. A.Ethical Framework – before we can manage ethical dilemmas in the health care setting, we must understand examples of ethical principle, as well as our own, to avoid any conflict of interest. . Self-Assessment Culture Values Beliefs Ideas 2. Continuous Regulation Self-control Trustworthiness Professionalism Education Intervention B. Understand the Significance of Ethics 1. Factors That Improve Ethical Conduct a. Public view c. School curriculum d. Government regulations 2. Factors That Require Ethical Behavior a. Provide company guideline for ethical behavior b.Teach the company's guidelines importance c. Describe punishments for unethical conduct C. Review Examples of Unethical/Ethical Conduct IV. Class Activity – Ethics Assessment V. Effectively practice effective ethical communication A. Understand the needs of the recipient D. Ensuring the message considers the common good E. Continue to interpret for conflicts of interest F. Consider the consequences of each message 1. Is this message mutually valuable? 2. Is this message violating confidentiality of another person? Is this message questionable to your professionalism? . VI. Class Discussion VII Summary of Training Session VIII Conclusion Literature Review: Where the Patient Relationship Ends Dry A, a 49 year-old gynecologist, was treating a 36 year-old female patient, Ms B, for chronic vaginal yeast infections. He described her as being seductive during the husband. Dry A found himself feeling very sympathetic towards her and began scheduling longer patient appointments so he could provide some therapy for her as well as assessing and treating the vaginal complaints for which she ostensibly saw him.He would hold her hand while she talked about her difficult situation at home. This decent down the ‘slippery slope' progressed into hugging, and then kissing at the end of the session. He recognized t hat he was feeling lonely and not having regular sexual relations with his wife. Dry A even noted that his wife was inorganic as though her condition was in some way an excuse to progress to a sexual relation with the patient) (Gabbed & Hobby, 2012). The first time that Dry A and Ms B had sexual relations was after hours in his office.This sexual encounter consisted of mutual oral sex. The meetings were set up during appointments in the office, usually at the end of the day. He finally ended these contacts when he felt the encounters were no longer gratifying to him. In addition, he was worried about being caught and that others would not understand his reasons for departing from the usual procedures (Gabbed & Hobby, 2012). Following the filing of a complaint by the patient, Dry A was sent for evaluation.When asked directly he thought he had harmed the patient, Dry A responded that he felt he had actually helped her by his sexual involvement with her (Gabbed & Hobby, 2012). Introduc tion This physician, Dry A, failed to recognize the unethical conduct he was committing in the obvious power differential with the patient, Ms B. Dry A failed to recognize that a patient is paying for his expertise for the treatment of a disease or ailment, and not a relationship of conscious feelings.If Dry A had greater understanding regarding the ethical principle of the doctor/patient relationship, Dry A may have been able to make a more rational decision so this situation never occurred; likewise, if Ms B had more understanding of the ethical principle prior to her first appointment, Ms B may have had the knowledge to evade Dry Ass advances. In summary, the doctor and the patient should be educated on ethical conduct before the doctor-patient relationship is formed to avoid situations, like the example.Studies show that although many physicians are aware that a romantic or sexual relationship is unethical, as many as nine percent believe that the ethics depends on he situation (Reese, 2012). The American Medical Association (AMA) states that prior doctor/patient relationships can influence the patient's treatment and that such a relationship is unethical if the doctor â€Å"uses or exploits trust, knowledge, emotions or influence derived from the previous professional relationship† (American Code of Medical Ethics, 2012).The Mama's use of â€Å"prior relationship† leaves wiggle room for the â€Å"it's complicated† answer, which over one third of the physicians had answered to the question, â€Å"Is it acceptable to become involved romantic or sexual relationship with a patient? In Medicare's 2012 ethics survey (Reese, 2012). Could it be that the and Ms B are aware of the rules but chose in proceeding to break the barriers of the doctor/patient relationship because â€Å"it's complicated? † The â€Å"it's complicated† answer may originate from feelings from the physician to do anything possible to treat the patient.One s tudy on therapists, explains that the therapists would get sexually involved relationships with suicidal borderline patients in order to save the patient from suicide (Gabbed & Hobby, 2012). This ration is flawed, however, because the physician, like Dry A, should have continued to worked to attain the nature of the intended relationship as clearly therapeutic with any potential unexpected circumstances, which is the idea behind the entire therapeutic process (Crower, Belly & Subplots, 2010).A professional needs to self-regulate their internal drives and thoughts in the absence of clear standards or unexpected circumstances, such as that of a suicidal patient whom is not responding to evidence- based treatment (Crower, Belly & Subplots, 2010). This is critical because usually a patient will give up his or her own autonomy to respect the decision of a paternalistic physician (Shari, Samara, Arachnids, 2013).Not to say this approach to a doctor/ patient is unethical, but it can leave room for unethical conduct if the physician cannot control his or her internal drives or thoughts. Patients, like Miss B, need doctors that are competent in all areas of their profession. The study of ethics in undergraduate courses and medical school curriculum is still improving; consequently, it should continuously be assessed in terms of content, educational methods, and change in behavior, and be revised accordingly (Shari, Samara, Arachnids, 2013).Within only the past 20 years or so, medical schools have gun incorporating ethics as its own respective subject (Houghton, Sparks & Chadwick, 2010). The introduction of ethics in to medical undergraduate curriculum has met resistance, however, because it is evolving constantly and some believe ethical topics are redundant or impossible to be taught (Houghton, Sparks & Chadwick, 2010).Once a few generations of physicians are educated, they can begin teaching newer generations from first hand experience to ensure they are fully compet ent, rather than trainers teaching the instructors (Shari, Samara, Arachnids, 2013). Ethics, according to James S. Recourse (2003), â€Å"refers to a field of inquiry, or discipline, in which matters of right and wrong, good and evil, virtue and vice, are systemically examined (p. 49).Professional ethics is described by Craven & Hiring (2009) as involving â€Å"principles and values universal application and standards of conduct to be upheld in all situations (p. 76). The traditional principles that provided the moral grounding for the protection on human subjects in the United States began forming in the sass (Faded, Sass, ethical concern has been to protect patients from injury, risk, abuse, and unjust orders of medical research (Faded, Sass, Goodman, Provosts, Tunis & Bà ©chamel, 2013).There has been an importance in our society of forming a Just health care system, which is guided by principles of healthcare ethics that include benefice, non- maleficent, respect for autonomy, and Justice (Craven & Hiring, 2008). Physicians, nurses, and other members of the health care team have been developing codes of ethics in order to sustain a Just health care system.Faded, Sass, Goodman, Provosts, Tunis & Bà ©chamel (2013) propose a framework that consists of seven ethical obligations, they include: ) to respect the rights and dignity of patients; 2) to respect the clinical Judgment of clinicians; 3) to provide optimal care to each patient; 4) to avoid imposing monomaniacal risks and burdens on patients; 5) to reduce health inequalities among populations; 6) to conduct responsible activities that foster learning from clinical care and clinical information; and 7) to contribute to the common purpose of improving and quality and value of clinical care and health systems (p. ). Most frameworks regarding medical ethics loosely follow these seven steps. Frameworks in ethics provide a systematic way to decide what's right from wrong in a rarity of assigned priorities th at are goal emphasized (Craven & Hiring, 2008). All members of the health care team have a framework, and they can find it resembles this model. Several issues of unethical conduct in the health care setting can arise if ethical principle is ignored.The following are a few debated matters of medical ethical principle that occurs in the health care setting: physician-assisted suicide (Glover, 2010), clinical trials (Barton & Ugly, 2009), bribes/gifts from patients (Sash & Fug- Barman, 2013), patient abuse, sexual comments/actions toward patient (Crower, Belly & Subplots, 2010), confidentiality (Craven & Hiring), and financial interests (Reed, Mueller, & Brenna, 2013). While some subjects such as euthanasia (physician- assisted suicide) may have different labels of good or bad from different people, other subjects such as sexual patient abuse is generally discovered by most of society.While ethical principle of that society on certain principles might change at the about the same rate medical technology changes, it is still important for any health care worker to keep these principles in mind. Since the implementation of medical ethics is relatively new, changes are rapidly occurring in medical education curriculum as well as the workforce. Evidence shows, the effects of the teaching of medical ethics causes greater ethical sensitivity in the clinical setting (Crower, Belly & Subplots, 2010). However, there are still many cases in which medical ethics education does not have an impact.As the progression of ethics continues in the health care setting, evaluation of medical ethics teaching is vital. Research by Shari, Samara, and Arachnids (2013) finds that matching education is successful, and not a waste of human or financial resources. The Institute of Medical Ethics recommends a pyramid of increasing levels of education, they include: knowledge, habituation, and action (Crower, Belly & Subplots, 2010). The idea is to have medical students think critically abou t historical precedents and future situations involving ethical dilemmas, then put into practice the best consideration.The most important thing teaching ethics gives to medical students is awareness (Crower, Belly & Subplots). With practicing physicians, it is important to continue education on professionalism because doing so shows its significance as a competency (Reed, Mueller, & Brenna, 2013). As introductory and continuing teaching methods are evaluated and improved, future medical students can become more ethically sensitive in their communication and actions. References AMA Code of Medical Ethics. Opinion 8. 14 sexual misconduct in the practice of medicine. Http://www. AMA-assn. Org/AMA/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/ code-medical-ethics/opinion. Page Accessed November 3, 2012. Shari, F. , Samara A. & Arachnids, A. (2013). Medical ethics course for undergraduate medical students: A needs assessment study. Journal Of Medical Ethics & History Of Medicine, 6(1) Barton, E. , & Ugly, S. 2009) Ethical or unethical persuasion? The rhetoric of offers to participate in clinical trials. Written Communication, 26(3), 295-310 Craven, R. F. & Hiring C. J. (2008). Fundamentals of nursing: Human health and function, 6th. Liposuction Williams & Wilkins Inc.Philadelphia, PA. 76-77. Crower, M. , Belly, S. , & Subplots F. (2010) Abuse of the doctor-patient relationship. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists. Faded, R. , Sass, N. , Goodman, S. , Provosts, P. , Tunis, S. , & Beach, T. (2013). An ethics framework for a learning health care system: A departure from traditional research ethics and clinical ethics. The Hastings Center Report, Spec Noses-ASS Gabbed, G. 0. , & Hobby, G. S. (2012). A psychoanalytic perspective on ethics, self- deception and the corrupt physician. British Journal Of Psychotherapy, 28(2), 235-248. Glover, P.C. (2010) Physician-assisted suicide is unethical. Greengages Press. Recourse, J. S. (2003). Communication ethics. Management Communic ation: A Case- Analysis Approach. 2nd. New Jersey: Pearson Education. Professionalism challenges and opportunities. Minnesota Medicine, 96(1 1), 44-47 Reese, S. (2012). When is it okay to date a patient? Netscape ethics report 2012. Netscape, http://www. Educate. Com/vertically/774295. Sash, S. & Fug-Barman, A (2013 Physicians under the influence: Social psychology and industry marketing strategies. Journal Of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 41 (3), 665-672.Attachment: Principles of Medical Ethics Revised and adopted by the AMA House of Delegates (June 17, 2001) l. A physician shall be dedicated to providing competent medical care, with compassion and respect for human dignity and rights. II. A physician shall uphold the standards of professionalism, be honest in all professional interactions, and strive to report physicians deficient in character or impotence, or engaging in fraud or deception, to appropriate entities. Ill. A physician shall respect the law and also recognize a responsibil ity to seek changes in those requirements, which are contrary to the best interests of the patient. ‘ IV.A physician shall respect the rights of patients, colleagues, and other health professionals, and shall safeguard within the constraints of the law. V. A physician shall continue to study, apply, and advance scientific knowledge; maintain a commitment to medical education; make relevant information available to tenets, colleagues, and the public; obtain consultation; and use the talents of other health professionals when indicated. VI. A physician shall, in the provision of appropriate patient care, except in emergencies, be free to choose whom to serve, with whom to associate, and the environment in which to provide medical care VI'.A physician shall recognize a responsibility to participate in activities contributing to the improvement of the community and the betterment of public health. As paramount. ‘X. A physician shall support access to medical care for all peo ple. Source: Code of Medical Ethics: In-Hand Activity: Ethics Self-Assessment The American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE) made this survey so you can identify areas of ethical practice in which you are weak or strong. For each question, identify one of the five answers that is best suited to you.The ACHE does not believe in a numbered final score, because it is not a tool for evaluating ethical behavior of others. The number that corresponds with each response simply helps you uncover any areas of concern that may require the need for enhancement in some of your current ethical practice. Almost Never Occasionally Usually 4 5 Always Not Applicable 2 I. Leadership 3 I take courageous, consistent and appropriate management actions to overcome barriers to achieving my organization's mission. I place community/patient benefit over my personal gain.I strive to be a role model for ethical behavior. I work to ensure that decisions about access to care are based primarily on medical necessity, not only on the ability to pay. My statements and actions are consistent with professional ethical standards, including the ACHE Code of Ethics. Circumstances would allow me to confuse the issues I advocate ethical decision making by the board, management team and medical staff. I use an ethical approach to conflict resolution. I initiate and encourage discussion of the ethical aspects of management/financial issues.I initiate and promote discussion of controversial issues affecting community/patient health (e. G. , domestic and community violence and decisions near the end of life). I promptly and candidly explain to internal and external stakeholders negative economic trends and encourage appropriate action. I use my authority solely to fulfill my responsibilities and not for self-interest or to further the interests of family, friends or associates. When an ethical conflict confronts my organization r me, I am successful in finding an effective resolution process and ensure it is followed.I demonstrate respect for my colleagues, superiors and staff. I demonstrate my organization's vision, mission and value statements in my actions. I make timely decisions rather than delaying them to avoid difficult or politically risky choices. I seek the advice of the ethics committee when making ethically challenging decisions. My personal expense reports are accurate and are only billed to a single organization. I openly support establishing and monitoring internal mechanisms (e. G. , an ethics committee or program) to

Free Essays on The Beatles

The Beatles were a mystical happening that many people still do not understand completely. Out of The Beatles, arose Beatlemania, a â€Å"generally harmless form of madness which came from Britain in 1963. (Alico)† The media had powerful effects on the public during this time. The media exposed this English rock group so much that their popularity literally sparked overnight. The sole idea of Beatlemania is from a group of four young men from Liverpool, England, known as The Beatles. These great men were John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. These four men had buoyant spirits, bottomless charm and unaccustomed and irrepressible wit. â€Å"Their overflowing gifts for songcraft, harmony and instrumental excitement, their spiffy suits and nifty haircuts, their bright quips and ready smiles, made them appear almost otherworldly, as if they had just beamed down from some distant and far happier planet. (Loder)† The Beatles got discovered at a strip joint, the Indra Club in Germany by Brian Epstein. They became the first entertainers to play louder than the audience. Under Epstein’s careful guidance, The Beatles found themselves signing a contract with Britain’s Electric & Musical Industries, Ltd. â€Å"But, exactly how, when, and where Beatlemania got started nobody, not even Epstein can say for sure. (The Beatles Anthology). In less than one year that they achieved popularity in England to the time they came to America, The Beatles achieved popularity and following that is unprecedented in the history of show business in England. They became the first recording artists anywhere in the world to have a record become a million-seller before its release. â€Å"They became the target of such adoration by their fans that they had to cancel one-night bookings because of riots in early 1964. (Alico)† Beatlemania had reached such unbelievable proportions in England, that it became a form of reverse lend-... Free Essays on The Beatles Free Essays on The Beatles The Beatles were a mystical happening that many people still do not understand completely. Out of The Beatles, arose Beatlemania, a â€Å"generally harmless form of madness which came from Britain in 1963. (Alico)† The media had powerful effects on the public during this time. The media exposed this English rock group so much that their popularity literally sparked overnight. The sole idea of Beatlemania is from a group of four young men from Liverpool, England, known as The Beatles. These great men were John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. These four men had buoyant spirits, bottomless charm and unaccustomed and irrepressible wit. â€Å"Their overflowing gifts for songcraft, harmony and instrumental excitement, their spiffy suits and nifty haircuts, their bright quips and ready smiles, made them appear almost otherworldly, as if they had just beamed down from some distant and far happier planet. (Loder)† The Beatles got discovered at a strip joint, the Indra Club in Germany by Brian Epstein. They became the first entertainers to play louder than the audience. Under Epstein’s careful guidance, The Beatles found themselves signing a contract with Britain’s Electric & Musical Industries, Ltd. â€Å"But, exactly how, when, and where Beatlemania got started nobody, not even Epstein can say for sure. (The Beatles Anthology). In less than one year that they achieved popularity in England to the time they came to America, The Beatles achieved popularity and following that is unprecedented in the history of show business in England. They became the first recording artists anywhere in the world to have a record become a million-seller before its release. â€Å"They became the target of such adoration by their fans that they had to cancel one-night bookings because of riots in early 1964. (Alico)† Beatlemania had reached such unbelievable proportions in England, that it became a form of reverse lend-... Free Essays on The Beatles Pop Rock has been around for decades with different cultural bands across the world. Back in the 1960’s a British Pop Rock group from Liverpool hit top charts and number one hit singles with their albums. This band was named The Beatles. They visited many countries and cities on tour all over the world. They put a big impact on Pop Rock music and it has influenced more people to listen to them. No one ever thought that a British Pop Rock group would ever make it as far as the Beatles did. John Lennon, George Harrison, Richard Starkey, and Paul McCartney were the four members of the Beatles (DeWitt 1). Before they really were the Beatles a man named Pete Best was a part of the group. Whenever they needed to meet for meetings and clubs Pete was always busy, so they met a man named Richard. Richard started to fill in for Pete while he was busy and couldn’t make it. The Beatles were all supposed to meet in Germany but Pete couldn’t come so they used Richard. They enjoyed playing with him so much that they wanted Richard to be part of the group so they wouldn’t have to worry about Pete (Herring 57). The Beatles before they became number one were not called the Beatles. First they formed a name and called themselves â€Å"Johnny and the Moondogs†, then â€Å"The Silver Beatles† and then finally broke it down to being Plasek 2 just the Beatles (Holdhsip 4). As they got more involved in the music business there were a lot of people who helped to encourage and make them into the best Pop Rock group ever. Bob Wooler was a nice man who promoted the Beatles Music. He also introduced them to the Cavern Club they played in almost every night. He also helped by getting Horst Fisher, which was a retired German boxer. Horst sat at the Cavern Club while the Beatles would play acting like he wa...

The History of Ostrich Domestication

The History of Ostrich Domestication Ostriches (Struthio camelus) are the largest bird alive today, with adults weighing between 200–300 pounds (90-135 kilograms). Adult males attain a height of up to 7.8 feet (2.4 meters) tall; females are slightly smaller. Their immense body size and small wings make them incapable of flying. Ostriches have a remarkable tolerance to heat, withstanding temperatures up to 56 degrees C (132 degrees F) without much stress. Ostriches have been domesticated for only about 150 years, and are truly only partly domesticated, or, rather, are only domesticated for a short period of their lives. Key Takeaways: Ostrich Domestication Ostriches were domesticated (and only partly) in South Africa in the mid-19th century.  South African farmers and their British colonial overlords were responding to an enormous demand for fluffy ostrich feathers used in Victorian-era fashions.Although they are adorable as chicks, ostriches are not good pets, because they quickly grow into bad-tempered giants with sharp claws.   Ostriches as Pets? Keeping ostriches in zoos as exotic pets was practiced in Bronze Age Mesopotamia at least as early as the 18th century BCE. Assyrian annals mention ostrich hunts, and some royal kings and queens kept them in zoos and harvested them for eggs and feathers. Although some modern day people do attempt to keep ostriches as pets, no matter how gently you raise them, within a year, the cute fluffy juvenile ball grows to a 200-pound behemoth with sharp claws and the temperament to use them.​ Far more common and successful is ostrich farming, producing red meat similar to beef or venison, and leather goods from the hides. The ostrich market is variable, and as of the 2012 agricultural census, there are just a few hundred ostrich farms in the U.S. Ostrich Life Cycle There are a handful of recognized modern sub-species of ostrich, including four in Africa, one in Asia (Struthio camelus syriacus, which has been extinct since the 1960s) and one in Arabia (Struthio asiaticus Brodkorb). Wild species are known to have been present in North Africa and Central Asia, although today they are restricted to sub-Saharan Africa. South American ratite species are only distantly related, including Rhea americana and Rhea pennata. Wild ostriches are grass eaters, usually concentrating on a handful of annual grasses and forbs that yield essential protein, fiber, and calcium. When they dont have a choice, they will eat leaves, flowers, and fruits of non-grassy plants. Ostriches mature at between four and five years of age and have a lifespan in the wild of up to 40 years. They are known to travel in the Namib desert between 5 to 12 miles (8–20 kilometers) per day, with an average home range of about 50 mi (80 km). They can run up to 44 mi (70 km) per hour when necessary, with a single stride of up to 26 ft (8 m). It has been suggested that Upper Paleolithic Asian ostriches migrated seasonally, as an adaptation to climate change. Ancient Appearance: Ostrich as Megafauna Ostriches are of course an ancient prehistoric bird, but they show up in the human record as ostrich eggshell (often abbreviated OES) fragments and beads from archaeological sites beginning about 60,000 years ago. Ostriches, along with mammoth, were among the last Asian megafaunal species (defined as animals which weigh more than 100 kg) to become extinct. Radiocarbon dates on archaeological sites associated with OES begin near the end of the Pleistocene, late in Marine Isotope Stage 3 (ca. 60,000–25,000 years ago). Central Asian ostriches went extinct during the Holocene (what archaeologists call the last 12,000 years or so). The east Asian ostrich Struthio anderssoni, native to the Gobi Desert, was among the megafaunal species that went extinct during the Holocene: they survived the Last Glacial Maximum only to apparently be done in by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. That increase also increased the number of grasses, but it negatively impacted the forage availability in the Gobi. In addition, it is possible that human over-use during the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene might have occurred, as mobile hunter-gatherers moved into the region. Human Use and Domestication Beginning in the late Pleistocene, ostriches were hunted for their meat, their feathers, and their eggs. Ostrich shell eggs were likely hunted for the protein in their yolks but were also very useful as light, strong containers for water. Ostrich eggs measure up to 6 inches (16 centimeters) long and can carry up to one quart (about one liter ) of fluid. Ostriches were first kept in captivity during the Bronze Age, in a tamed and semi-domesticated state, in gardens of Babylon, Nineveh, and Egypt, as well as later in Greece and Rome. Tutankhamuns tomb included images of hunting the birds with a bow and arrow, as well as a very fancy ivory ostrich feather fan. There is documented evidence of ostrich riding since the first millennium BCE at the Sumerian site of Kish. European Trade and Domestication The full domestication of the ostrich was not attempted until the mid-19th century when South African farmers established farms solely for harvesting the plumage. At the time, and indeed for several centuries before that and since, ostrich feathers were in high demand by fashionistas from Henry VIII to Mae West. Feathers can be harvested from the ostrich every six to eight months without ill effects. During the first decade of the 20th century, ostrich feathers used in the fashion industry had driven the value per pound to that nearly equal to that of diamonds. Most of the feathers came from Little Karoo, in the Western Cape region of southern Africa. That was because, in the 1860s, the British colonial government had actively facilitated export-oriented ostrich raising. The Darker Side of Ostrich Farming According to historian Sarah Abrevaya Stein, in 1911 the Trans-Saharan Ostrich Expedition took place. That involved a British-government sponsored corporate espionage group who snuck into French Sudan (chased by American and French corporate spies) to steal 150 Barbary ostriches, famed for their double fluff plumes, and brought them back to Cape Town to be inbred with the stock there. By the end of World War II, though, the market for feathers crashed- by 1944, the only market for the fanciest of plumes was on cheap plastic Kewpie dolls. The industry managed to survive by broadening the market to meat and hides. Historian Aomar Boum and Michael Bonine have argued that the European capitalist passion for ostrich plumes decimated both wild animal stocks and African livelihoods based on wild ostriches. Sources Al-Talhi, Dhaifallah. Almulihiah: A Rock Art Site in the Hail Region, Saudi Arabia. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 23.1 (2012): 92–98. Print.Bonato, Maud, et al. Extensive Human Presence at an Early Age of Ostriches Improves the Docility of Birds at a Later Stage of Life. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 148.3–4 (2013): 232–39. Print.Boum, Aomar, and Michael Bonine. The Elegant Plume: Ostrich Feathers, African Commercial Networks, and European Capitalism. The Journal of North African Studies 20.1 (2015): 5–26. Print.Brysbaert, Ann. ‘The Chicken or the Egg?’ Interregional Contacts Viewed through a Technological Lens at Late Bronze Age Tiryns, Greece. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 32.3 (2013): 233–56. Print.dErrico, Francesco, et al. Early Evidence of San Material Culture Represented by Organic Artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109.33 (2012): 13214–19. Print.Gegner, Lance E. Ratite Production: Ostrich, Emu and Rhea. Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas: National Center for Appropriate Technology, 2001. 1–8. Print. Janz, Lisa, Robert G. Elston, and George S. Burr. Dating North Asian Surface Assemblages with Ostrich Eggshell: Implications for Palaeoecology and Extirpation. Journal of Archaeological Science 36.9 (2009): 1982–89. Print.Kurochkin, Evgeny N., et al. The Timing of Ostrich Existence in Central Asia: AMS 14c Age of Eggshells from Mongolia and Southern Siberia (a Pilot Study). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 268.7–8 (2010): 1091–93. Print.Renault, Marion. Decades after It Crashed, Ostrich Industry Poised to Take Off as Demand Grows. Chicago Tribune September 25. 2016. Print.Shanawany, M. M. Recent Developments in Ostrich Farming. World Animal Review 83.2 (1995). Print.Stein, Sarah Abrevaya. Plumes: Ostrich Feathers, Jews, and a Lost World of Global Commerce. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. Print.

International Operational and Logistical Strategies Essay

International Operational and Logistical Strategies - Essay Example They include: 1) Integrating all system transactions with a similar system 2) Sharing common data and practices across the entire business enterprise 3) Production of relevant information that can be used during the process of making decisions. There are a number of benefits associated with Enterprise Resource Planning and they include: Automation of business processes which enhances performance. For instance, the system indicates the consequences of all the decisions. Reduces costs by reducing levels of inventory within the business processes. Ensures free flow of information among all business processes. Improves communication throughout the organization. ERP systems that are highly customized can deliver better opportunities for competitive advantage. Improves the relationship between the organization and its stakeholders. Provides easier import and export of data. ERP has a number of components that enable it work properly and improve performance among different business processe s. ... However, there are a number of disadvantages associated with such systems. They include: High costs of switching to and from ERP systems Creates unnecessary dependencies Requires extensive training which may have high cost implications Unsuitable for production planning and supply chain management 2. Supply Chain and Application of supply chain and logistical tools and techniques This section gives an analysis of the operations management of Apple Inc with regards to it production, marketing, supply chain management and sale of its products. An assessment of the company will be done with respect to its background information, history and the types of goods and services that it sells in the industry that it operates. The supply chain characteristics of the firm will also be highlighted and evaluated so as to offer postulations on what ought to be done so as to increase its profitability (Apple Inc, 2012). Aspects relating to its competitive advantage in the global business, production processes and customer satisfaction will be highlighted. This means that the technology used and commitment to quality and excellence will as also be assessed. This is aimed at ascertaining the operational planning of the company with regard to major organizational models that enhance efficacy and success. History and Background of Apple Inc. Apple Inc. was initially called Apple Computer Inc, it is an internationally recognized company that produces and sells computers, computer software and other forms of consumer electronics such as iPods, iPads and iPhones. The firm is diversified and offers mobile communication and media devices as well as selling related software. It is an American corporation with its headquarters in Cupertino, California. The company has over 250 retail